This article was initially published in the Revista Seguridad y Poder Terrestre
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): April to June

Summary

Social networks have proved to be a powerful tool for communication, citizen participation and the dissemination of relevant information. In the social, political and cultural spheres, they have facilitated the organization of protests, the dissemination of diverse cultural expressions and participation in debates on important issues. For those States and users committed to the efficient use of these platforms in the struggle for timely information, it is advisable to encourage transparency in the dissemination of data, verify the veracity of news before sharing it, promote constructive and respectful dialogue online, and be alert to disinformation and manipulation in these spaces. It is essential that both States and users commit to using social networks in a responsible, ethical and conscious manner, taking advantage of their potential to inform, educate and mobilize society in favor of just and relevant causes.

Keywords: Social Networks, Citizen Participation, Disinformation, Cyberbullying, Democratization.

Introduction

Social networks, in their constant search for public attention, have generated an excessive dependence on technology, turning many individuals into Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) automatons. This addiction to digital interaction has resulted in a diminished capacity for critical reflection and decision-making based on real knowledge. It is essential to question the impact of Social Networks on people’s ability to think independently and critically, and to seek a balance between technology and the development of cognitive and analytical skills. It will initially explore the positive and negative aspects of the use of social network and then delve into the search for a digital balance. It also contributes to the debate and action in favor of the responsible use of social networks and the implementation of digital technologies for a more inclusive and sustainable development in the future.

Following the onset of the pandemic, the use of social netwroks experienced a considerable increase globally. Almost three years after this event, internet browsing habits have become integrated into our daily routine and everything points to the continued growth in the use of these platforms. The degree of adoption of social networks in the Americas is remarkable. The situation in the region is particularly interesting when considering that, despite the existence of individuals who lack access to basic food, these platforms are an integral part of their daily lives.^[1]

Social network have become an omnipresent tool in the daily lives of millions of people around the world, transforming the way in which we communicate, inform ourselves and relate to each other. In Peru and on a global scale, these platforms have had a relevant impact as an alternative media in society, with a significant potential to contribute to national progress. On the other hand, social networks democratize access to information and knowledge, allowing individuals from different regions of the country to access news, research and educational resources. According to the World Bank (WB)^[2] report, the use of the Internet and social networks has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, with approximately 70% of the population having access to the Internet by 2022. This democratization of knowledge empowers people, allowing them to actively participate in society and make informed decisions.

In addition, social networks facilitate communication and collaboration between people from different cultures, backgrounds and interests, fostering citizen participation and the formation of virtual communities. As highlighted by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC),^[3] these have played a key role in the coordination and activism of social movements in the region, as evidenced by the demonstrations in Chile and Colombia in 2019. This global connection allows the exchange of ideas and experiences, strengthening democracy and the construction of a more equitable and just society.

Likewise, social networks enable the organization and dissemination of social movements, awareness campaigns and digital activism, driving social change and the defense of important causes. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) points out that social platforms have been used effectively to promote issues such as education, health, environmental sustainability and human rights.^[4] It is essential to analyze the emotional influence exerted by ICTs and social networks in our lives, trying to maintain a balance between online and offline interaction, especially in educational environments at times like the pandemic. According to the words of Raquel Caballero, it is vital to recognize the relevance of dedicating time to reflection and the development of new ideas and strategies, finding moments of silence.^[5] Therefore, social networks not only serve to communicate with other people, but can also contribute to social integration and participation in the creation of a more equitable and advantageous social system for future generations, as expressed by Requena Santos, as mentioned by Barataria in 2011.^[6]

The latest statistics from GSMA Intelligence^[7] show that there are now 5.6 billion unique mobile subscribers worldwide, equivalent to 69.4% of the global population. Over the last year, cell phone adoption increased by 2.7%, with the addition of 145 million new users. Likewise, the number of people accessing the Internet grew by 3.7% over the same period, reaching 5.3 billion in October 2023, representing 65.7% of the world’s population. Despite these encouraging figures, reporting delays suggest that actual internet penetration could be even higher, highlighting the importance of addressing the digital divide and taking full advantage of the opportunities these technologies offer for development.

In the area of global development and promotion of social networks, countries are responsible for implementing various procedures. Among them is regional cooperation, which allows the exchange of experiences and best practices among countries around the world. In addition, it is crucial to develop joint projects to expand Internet coverage and promote digital literacy, encouraging the creation of local content and collaboration between local actors. Reducing the digital divide is also fundamental, through the implementation of specific public policies that seek to reduce the technological disparity between countries and socioeconomic groups, promoting the digital inclusion of indigenous, Afro-descendant and rural populations. It is also essential to provide Internet access and digital training to people with disabilities, ensuring that all sectors of society can benefit from the opportunities offered by ICTs.

In the specific case of Peru, efforts are being made to promote the appropriate use of social networks by strengthening digital infrastructure, expanding Internet coverage in rural areas and marginalized communities, and implementing subsidized Internet access programs for low-income populations. In addition, investments are being made in the modernization of the country’s digital infrastructure, digital literacy is being promoted through free training in the use of social networks, digital education programs are being introduced in educational institutions, and the creation of educational and cultural content in local languages is being encouraged. It is essential to establish a regulatory framework that protects the privacy of users, combats misinformation, promotes diversity of content and encourages its responsible use for education, citizen participation and economic development.

Social networks offer new opportunities for the creation of businesses, the promotion of products and services, and the development of the digital economy. A study prepared by the Ministry of Production (Produce) indicates that in the year 2022, e-commerce in Peru experienced an increase of 20%, being driven mainly by the use of social networks as a sales channel.^[8] This economic growth has generated jobs, improved people’s quality of life and reduced poverty. However, the boom of social network in the world, and particularly in Peru, also presents risks and challenges that should be considered by the State and society as a whole.

Positive Aspects of Social Networks

Access to Information. Social platforms have expanded access to information and knowledge globally, allowing individuals from different cultures, socioeconomic levels and geographic locations to access a wide variety of resources, such as news, research, academic articles, e-books and online courses. In education, various institutions have come together to offer online courses supported by social platforms, such as Coursera, an online learning platform that offers free and paid courses from the world’s leading universities, as well as Khan Academy, a nonprofit organization that provides high-quality education through videos and interactive exercises.^[9] Despite this progress, there is still a marked digital disparity between territories and socioeconomic sectors, which demands that nations invest in digital infrastructure, promote technology literacy and formulate public policies to mitigate this inequality. Companies such as Facebook, the most widely used social network in Latin America with more than 400 million active users, WhatsApp, the leading messaging application in the region with more than 600 million active users, and Twitter, a microblogging platform that facilitates users to share news, opinions and ideas, also play a crucial role in reducing digital disparity.

In Peru, the Ministry of Education (MINEDU) has launched the “Aprendo en Casa” (I Learn at Home) platform, which uses social and social networks to offer distance education to students throughout the country. This is supported by information provided by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) According to the report “Peru: Sociodemographic Profile 2022” by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), it states that 71.2 % of individuals over 14 years of age have surfed the Internet over the course of the last 12 months. Therefore, social networks have leveled the opportunities for access to information, promoting distance education, the development of digital skills and citizen participation. However, challenges remain, such as the digital divide in rural areas and the lack of digital skills in certain sectors of the population.

According to Ipsos,^[10] Facebook leads with 84% penetration among Peruvian users, followed by YouTube with 60% and then Instagram with 46%. Other popular social networks include TikTok with 37%, Twitter with 13% and LinkedIn with 6%. Regarding messaging apps, WhatsApp stands out with 89 % penetration, followed by Messenger with 44 % and Telegram with 18 %. This suggests that Facebook remains the main platform for communication, information and entertainment in Peru, while YouTube and Instagram consolidate as platforms for audiovisual consumption. TikTok gains ground among young people and WhatsApp consolidates as the preferred messaging application for personal and professional communication.

Connectivity and Participation. As communication and collaboration tools, social networks facilitate the connection between individuals from different cultures, backgrounds and interests, thus promoting citizen participation and the formation of virtual communities. According to data provided by Statista in 2022, in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), these platforms have gained significant weight, with more than 306 million users in the South American region alone. This growth is attributed to increased internet accessibility and growth in mobile connectivity. Countries such as the Caribbean, Peru, Paraguay and Bolivia have experienced notable improvements in terms of access to social networks. However, Brazil and Mexico continue to lead in terms of audience, with 165 million and 98 million users, respectively.^[11]

Social Mobilization. Social networks have acquired a fundamental role in social mobilization, enabling the organization and dissemination of social movements, awareness campaigns and digital activism, thus promoting social change and the defense of important causes. They have revolutionized communication and citizen participation by expanding opportunities for interaction and access to information, making it possible to connect with people from all over the world, share ideas and opinions, and participate in debates on relevant topics, overcoming geographical limitations and democratizing access to communication.^[12]

The democratization fostered by social networks has promoted participation in various contexts, such as social, political and cultural. In the social aspect, the organization of protests, events, fundraising and collaboration among various actors can be observed. On the political level, these platforms are used to disseminate information, denounce injustices, organize pressure campaigns and participate in decision-making. In the cultural sphere, the dissemination of diverse cultural expressions, debate and reflection on social issues stand out, thus contributing to the construction of a more tolerant and inclusive society. However, challenges arise such as disinformation, cyberbullying and manipulation, which can undermine the legitimacy of social movements, dissuade participation and be exploited by actors with particular agendas to co-opt or divert social movements.^[13]

In short, social social networks are powerful tools for communication and citizen participation. If used responsibly, they can contribute to the construction of a more just, democratic and egalitarian society.

Social networks are powerful tools for communication and citizen participation. Used responsibly, they can contribute to building a more just, democratic and egalitarian society. Examples worldwide, in South America and specifically in Peru, highlight their impact, such as the Arab Spring, where social networks played a crucial role in the organization and dissemination of protests that overthrew governments in the Arab world; the Black Lives Matter Movement, which has used these platforms to spread its message and organize protests against racial violence; and the #MeToo movement, which originated on Twitter and became a global wave of activism against sexual harassment.

In Latin America, the #NiUnaMenos movement,^[14] which emerged in Argentina to denounce violence against women, has spread throughout the region.^[15] In Mexico, the YoSoy132^[16] case emerged in social networks as a response to media manipulation in the 2012 presidential elections. In Bolivia, the #EleccionesSinFraude movement was used to denounce irregularities in the 2019 elections. In the case of Puno, Peru,^[17] protests against the Tía María mining project used social networks to organize demonstrations, disseminate information about the project and gain support for the cause.

This situation has allowed the democratization of information, making it possible for any individual to access data and share it with others; the decentralization of collective action, expanding participation in social movements beyond the traditional elites; and the capacity for viralization, facilitating the rapid dissemination of ideas and messages worldwide.

Entrepreneurship and Social and Economic Development. Social and social networks have become powerful tools for entrepreneurship, offering new opportunities for the creation of businesses, the promotion of products and services, and the development of the digital economy. According to research conducted by Expansion, 85% of small and medium-sized companies use social networks to make online sales.^[18] Similarly, El Diario El Economista reports that the platforms enable users to share their experiences, and 77% of consumers seek to read a product review before making a purchase.^[19] A prominent case study was Glossier,^[20] an American cosmetics brand that has achieved great success since 2010 thanks to its marketing strategy in social networks. The company employs Instagram as a means to establish connection with its target audience, create engaging content and market its products.

The widespread use of social network has enabled companies to offer reduced prices to their clients, since they are low-cost or free tools, which makes them accessible to entrepreneurs with limited budgets. They have also facilitated global expansion by making it possible to reach a wide and diverse audience, both locally and internationally. Interaction with customers has been strengthened because social networks allow companies to interact with them, understand their needs and preferences, and provide them with personalized attention. They have also contributed to customer retention by establishing long-lasting relationships that turn them into brand advocates. Likewise, online sales have increased thanks to the direct offering of products and services through platforms such as Facebook Marketplace or Instagram Shopping. If used efficiently, it is clear that they can contribute to the progress of companies, the dissemination of products and services, and the boost of the digital economy.

According to an article published in the journal “Psicología y Mente”,^[21] it is highlighted that social platforms have the potential to stimulate creativity, facilitate communication and promote social interaction, emphasizing their ability to strengthen social bonds and provide emotional support. Therefore, it is essential to take advantage of the benefits of these networks for the social and educational growth of the next generations, promoting their use as tools for teaching and cooperation.

Negative aspects of social networks

Disinformation and Fake News. According to the Pew Research Center study (2021), 64% of Internet users in Latin America have acknowledged having encountered false news on social networks. Likewise, the 2023 report highlights that disinformation represents a threat to democracy and human rights, given that it can undermine trust in institutions and foster social polarization. A relevant example is the case of the presidential elections in Brazil in 2022, where disinformation campaigns in virtual communities played a key role, contributing to the division of the electorate.

In this sense, they represent a considerable potential for the dissemination of information. However, their inappropriate use can result in the propagation of false and biased content, which could lead to wrong decisions being made both at the individual level and in the public sphere. This situation could lead to a decrease in trust in democratic institutions, such as governments, the media and businesses, as misinformation has the potential to undermine the credibility accorded to them. Moreover, the dissemination of erroneous and biased data could foster social polarization by segmenting the population into factions with opposing and irreconcilable positions.

Cyberbullying and Digital Violence. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)^[22] defines cyberbullying as the act of harassing or intimidating through digital technologies. This form of harassment can manifest itself in social networks, messaging platforms, online games and mobile devices. It is a repetitive behavior whose objective is to provoke fear, anger or humiliation in other people. The statistics related to this scourge are worrying and evidence the seriousness of the problem. Recent reports by UNESCO (2017, 2019) and UNICEF (2018, 2020)^[23] mention that approximately one in three students (32%) has been a victim of cyberbullying, while 31% of adolescents admit to having mistreated their peers. According to a United Nations (UN) report,^[24] digital harassment affects the dignity of victims in a remarkably public way, allowing third parties to contribute to ridicule and support abusive content by approving, responding to or sharing it. An emblematic case is that of Amanda Todd, a Canadian teenager who took her own life in 2012 after suffering online bullying and digital violence.^[25] In this regard, it is crucial to highlight that cyberbullying and online violence can lead to devastating consequences for victims, such as damage to self-esteem, depression, anxiety, social isolation and, in extreme situations, suicide.

Addiction and Mental Health Problems. Excessive use of social network can trigger a variety of mental health problems, such as concentration difficulties, anxiety, depression, and addiction. A 2016 study by Przybylski and Weinstein,^[26] involving more than 450 adolescents, revealed that increased time spent on these platforms, especially at night and with heavy emotional investment, correlated with poor sleep quality and elevated levels of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the case study of Tristan Harris, a former Google employee,^[27] supports these concerns by warning about the risks of Social networks and their ability to generate addiction and affect emotional well-being.

Consequently, abuse of online social spaces can lead to concentration difficulties, due to constant notifications and information overload, which can interfere with attention span. Anxiety can arise from social comparison, fear of missing out and exposure to negative content. Depression can result from low self-esteem, feelings of isolation and sleep deprivation. Finally, addiction can lead to compulsive behavior and loss of control over time spent on these platforms.

Digital Divide. Unequal access to the internet and digital technologies, known as the digital divide, limits development opportunities for marginalized communities, deepening social inequality. According to the World Bank study,^[28] despite technological advances, digital inequality remains a reality in 2023. One third of the world’s population, equivalent to 2.6 billion people, still do not have access to the Internet. This disparity is reflected in the contrast between high-income countries, where more than 90% enjoy the service, and low-income countries, where only one in four inhabitants have the same opportunity.

This means that 850 million people lack the necessary identification to access the Internet and, in many cases, do not have the basic skills to use it effectively. This situation limits opportunities for economic and social development, deepening global inequality.

According to the report of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC (2023), the digital divide in Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the largest in the world, limiting economic and social development in the region. In the specific case of Peru,^[29] in 2023, urban areas have 21.4% more mobile Internet access than rural areas. In addition, six regions do not exceed 80% mobile internet access, which restricts economic and social development opportunities for people living in these areas.

Therefore, the technological divide has several negative consequences for marginalized communities. Social exclusion manifests itself in the lack of access to the Internet and digital technologies, which deprives people of educational, employment, information and social participation opportunities. Discrimination is compounded as technological disparity can intensify segregation against these communities by limiting their access to information and resources. Likewise, financial inequality is accentuated, as the technological divide restricts opportunities for economic development by preventing access to digital markets and new technologies. Given the positive and negative aspects of social network, it is imperative to implement educational strategies that encourage a conscious use of technology, promote critical reflection and strengthen the capacity for discernment of future generations. This will allow people not to be mere recipients of digital information, but active agents capable of making informed and autonomous decisions in an increasingly technological environment. Given the positive and negative aspects of social network, it is imperative to implement educational strategies that encourage a conscious use of technology, promote critical reflection and strengthen the capacity for discernment of future generations.This will allow people not to be mere recipients of digital information, but active agents capable of making informed and autonomous decisions in an increasingly technological environment.

In relation to social social networks and their influence on Latin American society, the following questions arise that require analysis, such as, for example:

Why is it Important to Question How Social networks Affect Our Ability to Think Independently? The analysis of the effect of social network on the ability to think independently seeks to protect our cognitive autonomy and prevent the undue influence of digital platforms on our opinions and decisions. According to a report by Forbes magazine,^[30] the excessive use of social networks can lead to cognitive conformity, where people adopt opinions and behaviors influenced by online social pressure rather than their own critical judgment. Furthermore, according to a study conducted by Stanford University, constant exposure to biased information on social network can distort the perception of reality and weaken the capacity for independent reflection. By analyzing the impact of these platforms on autonomous thinking, cognitive resilience is strengthened and the manipulation of online information is counteracted. This facilitates the development of deeper analysis, discrimination between reliable sources and active questioning of the veracity of information.

How Can We Develop Cognitive and Analytical Skills in a Technology-Dominated World? In a context where technology exerts great influence, it is critical to develop cognitive and analytical skills to effectively and critically navigate ever-changing digital environments. According to Entropía Educativa (2023),^[31] platforms such as Facebook and YouTube tailor users’ news feeds,^[32] which can result in limited exposure to information that confirms their previous opinions, thus contributing to polarization and misinformation. Furthermore, a UNESCO report highlights the importance of media and digital literacy in strengthening analytical and discernment skills in the digital age.^[33] Therefore, to foster the development of cognitive and analytical skills in a technological world, it is crucial to promote continuing education in digital competencies, initiate media literacy from an early age, and practice verifying information before sharing it online. These skills enable us to navigate critically and consciously in a constantly changing digital environment, enhancing our ability to adapt and make informed decisions.

What Actions Can We Take to Use Social network Responsibly and Contribute to a More Inclusive and Sustainable Development? To foster inclusive and sustainable development through the responsible use of social network, it is crucial to adopt ethical and collaborative practices that foster diversity, empathy and active participation online. According to a UN report,^[34] promoting digital ethics and responsibility online is fundamental to creating a safe and respectful virtual environment for all users. Likewise, citizen participation in the regulation of social network, highlighted in a study by the University of Oxford, is vital to promote transparency and fairness in the digital age.

On the other hand, for a responsible use of social network, it is essential to respect the privacy of others, combat misinformation and encourage diversity of opinions. Participating in digital empowerment and media literacy initiatives is also essential. These actions not only strengthen our online ethics, but also contribute to the formation of a more inclusive, supportive and sustainable online community. Furthermore, measures such as educating ourselves in digital literacy, verifying information and protecting privacy are key to a responsible use of social network and to contributing to a more inclusive and sustainable development.

Conclusion

The use of social networks has proven to be a powerful tool for communication, citizen participation and the dissemination of relevant information. In the social, political and cultural spheres, these platforms have simplified the organization of protests, the dissemination of diverse cultural expressions and participation in debates on significant issues. For those actors committed to the effective use of social network in the search for timely information, it is suggested to promote transparency in the dissemination of data, verify the veracity of news before sharing it, encourage constructive and respectful debate online, and be alert to misinformation and manipulation in these digital spaces. It is essential that both governments and citizens commit to using social network responsibly, ethically and consciously, taking advantage of their potential to inform, educate and mobilize society in favor of just and relevant causes.

Endnotes:

1. Geformas Digital. “Estadísticas de uso de redes sociales en América Latina”. 17 de febrero de 2023. https://www.geformasdigital.com/estadisticas-de-uso-de-redes-sociales-en-america-latina ↑
2. Banco Mundial. “El impacto de las redes sociales en el desarrollo”. Washington, D.C.: Banco Mundial, 2023. ↑
3. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). “La brecha digital en América Latina y el Caribe: desafíos para la inclusión social”. CEPAL (2020), https://www.cepal.org/en. ↑
4. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO). “Internet y las redes sociales: oportunidades y desafíos para la educación”. UNESCO (2023), https://www.unesco.org/en ↑
5. Caballero, Raquel. 2018, 23 de julio. “El uso equilibrado de las redes sociales y la tecnología. Aplicar nuestra inteligencia emocional”. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/el-uso-equilibrado-de-las-redes-sociales-y-la-aplicar-caballero/?originalSubdomain=es. ↑
6. Gallego Trijueque, Sara. 2011. “Redes sociales y desarrollo humano”. BARATARIA. Revista Castellano-Manchega de Ciencias sociales 12: 113-121. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3221/322127622007.pdf ↑
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9. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). 2020. “La brecha digital en América Latina y el Caribe: desafíos para la inclusión social”. CEPAL. https://www.cepal.org/en ↑
10. Álvarez Pecol, Javier. 2023, 30 de junio. “Si no estás en RRSS, estás en na”. IPSOS. https://www.ipsos.com/es-pe/si-no-estas-en-rrss-estas-en-na ↑
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14. Fuentes, Marcela A. “Capítulo IX. #NiUnaMenos (#NotOneWomanLess: Hashtag Performativity, Memory, and Direct Action against Gender Violence in Argentina)”. En The Social Media Life of #NiUnaMenos, editado por Rachel Solomon, 172-191. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 2019. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/alti19184-011/html ↑
15. Devanna, Cecilia, y María Servini. 2023, 15 de noviembre. “En la Argentina no se puede decir que hay posibilidad de fraude, son elecciones serias”. Diario La Nación. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/maria-servini-en-la-argentina-no-se-puede-decir-que-hay-posibilidad-de-fraude-son-elecciones-serias-nid15112023/ ↑
16. IBERO. 2022, 9 de mayo. “A 10 años del origen del #YoSoy132 en la IBERO, su legado sigue vigente”. Ibero. https://ibero.mx/prensa/10-anos-del-origen-del-yosoy132-en-la-ibero-su-legado-sigue-vigente ↑
17. Vásquez Benavente, Laura. 2024, 9 de enero. “Puno: con marchas, monumentos y pedidos de justicia se recordó a las víctimas de las protestas contra Dina Boluarte”. Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2024/01/09/puno-en-vivo-deudos-de-victimas-en-protestas-contra-dina-boluarte-conmemoran-el-ano-de-las-muertes/ ↑
18. Guarneros Olmos, Fernando. 2021, 28 de julio. “El 85% de las Pymes usa redes sociales para vender en línea”. EXPANSIÓN. https://expansion.mx/tecnologia/2021/07/28/el-85-de-las-pymes-usa-redes-sociales-para-vender-en-linea ↑
19. Molina, José Alberto. 2023, 10 de abril. “Las redes sociales más utilizadas para promocionar y vender productos”. El Economista. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/el-empresario/Las-redes-sociales-mas-utilizadas-para-promocionar-y-vender-productos-20230409-0029.html ↑
20. Manic, Brad. 2024. “El caso de éxito de Glossier y el enorme acierto de su fundadora”. Brandmanic. https://www.brandmanic.com/glossier-cosmeticos-caso-exito-instagramcaptura-de-pantalla-2014-11-30-a-las-20-40-53/ ↑
21. Haykal, Izzat. 2017, 20 de abril. “El uso de estas plataformas virtuales tiene luces y sombras que es mejor conocer de antemano”. Revista Psicología y Mente. https://psicologiaymente.com/social/ventajas-desventajas-redes-sociales ↑
22. UNICEF. 2024. “Ciberacoso: Qué es y cómo detenerlo”. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/es/end-violence/ciberacoso-que-es-y-como-detenerlo ↑
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25. Ortega, Almudena. “Conmoción tras el suicidio de Amanda Todd, la joven víctima de acoso en Internet”. 20minutos, 15 de octubre de 2012, https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1617021/0/amanda-todd/adolescente-bullying/suicidio/ ↑
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