Abstract

This article examines the participation of the Peruvian Armed Forces in the promotion of sustainable development from a multidimensional perspective. Through a documentary analysis, it studies the institutional contributions in the economic, social, environmental and political dimensions, within the framework of national security and defense. It is argued that the Armed Forces, in addition to their traditional role in the defense of sovereignty, have the capacity to actively intervene in development processes through multisectoral actions that strengthen governance, national resilience and territorial cohesion. In this context, the normative, institutional and operational mechanisms that allow them to articulate their actions with the strategic objectives of the State are identified. The study concludes that, with adequate planning and inter-institutional coordination, the Armed Forces can play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in vulnerable and hard-to-reach areas.

Keywords: Armed Forces, sustainable development, security, national defense, multisectoral participation, governance.

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) defined sustainable development in 1987 through the report presented by Brundtland, entitled Our Common Future. It addressed environmental challenges, pointing out that economic growth and globalization could be counterproductive. Therefore, solutions were analyzed to face the difficulties of industrial growth and population increase (De las Casas et al. 2019). In Spain, the term “sustainable development” was translated as “desarrollo sostenible” (Noboa et al. 2021), while in Latin American countries such as Mexico it was translated as “desarrollo sustentable”. Although both words are understood in a similar way, the UN has promoted reports to clarify their use (Larrouyet 2015), which has led experts to debate on their application according to region, discipline and time. It is observed that “sustainable development” has greater preference in the economic and environmental spheres over time (Gómez and Garduño 2020).

In recent decades, sustainable development has been a topic of concern and interest in the academic, social and political fields, especially in the context of a climate crisis, biodiversity degradation and social disparities generated by increasing poverty, which fosters exclusion. These problems represent a latent threat (Garrido 2005), as they constitute an existential danger to human progress and ecosystem balance, which drives the need for integrated approaches and innovative solutions (Parra 2021).

Peru is a diverse country in its geography and cultural composition, where multiple complexities interweave the challenge of sustainable development (De la Cruz Gamonal 2003; Sullca et al. 2015). Although the Peruvian State enacted the General Environmental Law No. 28611 and the National Environmental Policy (PNA) to 2030, challenges persist. Illegal logging, informal mining and illicit drug trafficking (IDT) threaten the integrity of ecosystems and undermine efforts to achieve sustainable development (Ministerio del Ambiente 2005, 2021; El Peruano 2021), driving deforestation of vast forested areas. According to a 2018 Ministry of Environment report, the Peruvian Amazon has lost approximately 23 000 hectares of forest, with notable increases in Madre de Dios, Loreto, San Martin and Ucayali. In addition, illegal mining contributed between 15% and 22% of the gold exported by Peru in 2016, according to a documentary by China Central Television, constituting a serious danger to the environment and national development (Antonio 2020). Against this backdrop, sustainable development is seriously compromised, underscoring the need for the Peruvian State to mobilize all its resources, including its military power, to ensure compliance. In this regard, no studies have been conducted on the participation of the Armed Forces in sustainable development or on their understanding and importance.

Having delineated the problematic reality, the question arises: How does the participation of the Armed Forces allow for sustainable development in Peru? The study analyzed the participation of the Armed Forces in Peru’s sustainable development. The specific objectives are to examine their contribution to the economic, social and environmental development of the country.

Chuquimajo (2022) investigated the role of the Armed Forces in the social development of the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro River Valley (VRAEM), a region with little state presence, and highlighted their fight against terrorism and drug trafficking, as well as their valuable contribution to human welfare in Canayre. Similarly, Miranda (2022) emphasized the military’s role in the adaptation and mitigation of environmental changes, especially through the reinforcement of the Jungle Battalions in the Amazon.

Córdova (2022) emphasized the timely response of the Armed Forces to natural disasters, highlighting the need for adequate resources and effective doctrine. Likewise, Alcalde (2022) points out that these institutions provide support in social conflicts, although he warns of limitations in their training and operational cohesion during prolonged missions.

Orbegozo (2022) reveals that, despite their multisectoral campaigns, the Armed Forces face significant limitations in planning and coordination, which weakens their impact on local development in the VRAEM. In this regard, Olivera (2022) criticizes the deficiencies in the response capacity of the 3rd Armored Brigade to natural disasters due to lack of training and adequate resources.

Gonzáles (2022) postulates that the absence of integration in the multisectoral security and defense policy restricts the effectiveness of the Army in Disaster Risk Management (DRM). Complementarily, Ríos (2022) evidences the shortage of personnel in the fight against drug trafficking in the VRAEM, which impedes the implementation of government policies.

Olaya (2021) analyzes the importance of the Amazon from a geopolitical perspective and the need for a strategic vision to confront threats such as illegal logging and drug trafficking. In this sense, Arrieta (2021) proposes a model to integrate science and technology in the Armed Forces, improving their contribution to sustainable development and national defense.

Ayala (2021) analyzes the impact of environmental deterioration on the perception of national security, and proposes greater participation of the Armed Forces in the protection of natural resources in Tambopata. Anto (2020); on the other hand, stresses the need for military presence in Madre de Dios to combat illegal gold mining and illegal logging, while Ramírez (2020) highlights the role of the Armed Forces in natural disaster mitigation and their ability to provide support in remote areas.

De las Casas et al. (2019) examine the work of the 35th Jungle Brigade in environmental protection and economic development in Caballo Cocha, concluding that its presence deters illicit activities and promotes both environmental integrity and economic growth. Internationally, Sierra et al. (2021) highlighted that the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) promotes sustainability and post-conflict development, in accordance with United Nations (UN) guidelines. However, they warn that the absence of the state in territories previously controlled by the FARC has facilitated the illegal exploitation of resources.

Castro and Gutiérrez (2020) developed a four-phase model to assess the needs of populations affected by guerrilla violence, whose exodus deteriorated their social development. Despite the fact that the peace agreement allowed the implementation of several projects, threats persist. In this line, Valencia (2020) points out the importance of comprehensive planning for sustainable development that includes social investment plans adapted to local conditions and with citizen participation.

Sandoval et al. (2019) examined the impact of the armed conflict in the Zones Most Affected by the Conflict (ZOMAC) in Colombia, and conclude that fiscal policy has prioritized revenue increase without improving public expenditure management. Consequently, they recommend policies aimed at reducing inequality in localities such as Aguachica, promoting the sustainable use of resources. On the other hand, in 2014, Ecuador updated its legislation to define the role of its Armed Forces in environmental protection, while Brazil adopted a sovereign approach that integrates natural resource conservation with its economic development strategy (Jimenez 2020). Knox (2018) emphasizes that international obligations regarding sustainable development and environmental protection must be reflected in national legislation, especially in contexts marked by socio-environmental conflicts.

Sustainable development seeks to harmonize economic growth, environmental conservation and social well-being. In 2015, the international community adopted the 2030 Agenda, which includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in multiple areas. Achieving them requires the collaboration of governments, the private sector and civil society, actors who contribute creativity, knowledge, technology and financial resources (Envera 2019). However, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted progress in this area, exacerbating poverty, inequality, and job loss (Ortega 2021).

This study approaches sustainable development as a general theory that involves the implementation of economic policies, respect for the environment and the promotion of social equity, encompassing three fundamental dimensions: economic, ecological and social. According to Baker (2015) and Jeronen (2020), these are essential to balance present and future needs.

Governments face the challenge of reconciling economic growth with social equity and environmental sustainability. Dourojeanni (2000) argues that sustainability implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the possibilities of future generations. Gutiérrez (2007) examines sustainable development within the framework of development theories, highlighting the interaction between economic growth, social justice and ecological conservation. In contrast, Vargas (2008) questions the viability of sustainable development, warning that phenomena such as hunger and deforestation continue to threaten the future.

Llamas et al. (2010) point out that environmental awareness increased in the 1990s, which allowed the consolidation of a key definition of sustainable development as the satisfaction of present needs without jeopardizing future ones. The theory of economic development focuses on the creation of wealth and employment. Vargas (2008) states that to ensure sustainable economic cycles, effective regulations and efficient public management are required. This theory also stresses the need for a balance between state, society and economy to achieve effective development.

Pearce et al. (1994) emphasize that international collaboration is key to addressing environmental challenges and fostering an equitable global economy. Artaraz (2002) points out that the 1973 economic crisis questioned the model of growth based on unlimited resources, which opened the debate on the compatibility between the economic and the environmental.

The theory of environmental development values biodiversity conservation and promotes the care of ecosystems (Posso et al. 2022). Along the same lines, ecological economics – inspired by Georgescu-Roegen’s bioeconomy – conceives the economy as a subsystem of nature (CESGIR 2022). Catao and Carneiro (2022) specify that the State must regulate the exploitation of natural resources, seeking a balance between conservation and development. For its part, the theory of social development focuses on education and professional training as pillars of sustainable development (Carvajal 2021). Mae (2011), in line with Vygotsky, highlights the relevance of social interaction in cognitive development.

From a conceptual approach, sustainable development is understood as a balance between economic progress, social justice and environmental protection, as defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report (López et al. 2005). Tello (2006) describes economic development as the generation of wealth and employment through the efficient use of resources. On the other hand, Gómez (2014) and Orellana (2020) stress the need for responsible environmental management as a basis for sustainability.

Finally, social development seeks to ensure equity and the general well-being of the population (Montes 2018), enhancing inclusion and quality of life as fundamental components of sustainable development (Madrueño 2017). In this sense, the UN Agenda 2030 highlights the interdependence between the economic, social and environmental dimensions as axes of a truly sustainable development (Alonso 2024).

Methodology

The present research adopted a qualitative approach, suitable for analyzing in depth specific phenomena of reality through various strategies, methods and instruments. This privileges the quality as the main unit of analysis, which facilitates the identification of categories and the construction of systemic relationships between the parts and the observed phenomenon, in accordance with the hermeneutic-interpretative paradigm (Vargas 2011).

Regarding the categories of analysis, Hernández (2014) argues that these, together with their respective subcategories, allow grouping relevant information and represent fundamental concepts of the study. Their adequate organization facilitates the interpretation of the data and contributes to the theoretical construction. Along the same lines, Rabinovich and Kacen (2010) point out that the identification of relationships between categories, typical of the qualitative approach, constitutes a key input for the theoretical formulation.

Based on the objectives of the study, three central categories linked to the concept of sustainable development -economic, social and environmental- were defined, each with their respective subcategories, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Categories and subcategories of analysis

Categories Subcategories

Sustainable development Economic development Economic growth Labor employment Social development Security General welfare Environmental development Environmental protection Protection of natural resources

Source: Artaraz 2002, cited in Alonso 2024.

Artaraz (2002) argues that sustainable development admits diverse interpretations; however, they all coincide in the need for it to be economically viable, environmentally responsible and socially equitable. These dimensions constitute the central categories of this study.

Three techniques were used for data collection: in-depth interviews, documentary research and direct observation. According to Vargas (2011), the application of at least two techniques guarantees triangulation and strengthens the validity of the results obtained.

Results

The results obtained confirm that the Peruvian Armed Forces play a relevant role in promoting sustainable development, in agreement with national and international literature (Chuquimajo 2022; Miranda 2022; Sierra et al. 2021). In the economic dimension, the protection of strategic infrastructure and the safeguarding of border areas have favored investment and regional integration; however, the lack of resources and planning limits the scope of these contributions. In the social dimension, civic actions and humanitarian assistance have contributed to improving well-being in vulnerable areas, although multisectoral coordination still presents challenges. In the environmental dimension, participation in the protection of natural areas and the fight against environmental crime is significant, but training and logistical resources are insufficient.

In the social sphere, they carry out operations aimed at neutralizing terrorism and drug trafficking. They also intervene in violent social conflicts, in support of the Peruvian National Police (PNP), in those areas that have been declared in a state of emergency, in accordance with Article 137 of the Peruvian Constitution. In such circumstances, they assume control of internal order in accordance with the supreme decree issued by the President of the Republic. At the same time, they promote general welfare through civic actions, social and community programs, such as the Itinerant Social Action Platforms (PIAS), and the construction of bridges and roads by the Engineering Battalions of the Peruvian Army (EP).

In the environmental area, the Armed Forces intervene in the protection of the environment in accordance with legislative decrees 1137, 1138 and 1139, which regulate the functions of the Armed Forces. They also protect natural resources through interdiction operations against illegal activities such as indiscriminate mining and logging (Alonso 2024).

In order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the contributions of the Armed Forces to the sustainable development of the country, Figure 1 presents a graphic representation of their main areas of intervention. This semantic network, elaborated with ATLAS.ti software, allows visualizing the connections between their functions in the economic, social and environmental dimensions, as well as their impact on national dynamics, within the framework of current regulations and institutional actions implemented in recent years (Alonso 2024).

Participation of the Armed Forces in economic, social and environmental development.

Note: Semantic network elaborated in ATLAS.ti software.

Source: Alonso 2024.

Discussion

From the analysis of the results and through the triangulation of instruments, a precise interpretation of the role of the Armed Forces in Peru’s sustainable development was obtained. Article 165 of the Political Constitution of Peru establishes that these institutions – made up of the Peruvian Army (EP), the Peruvian Navy (MGP) and the Peruvian Air Force (FAP) – constitute a strategic resource for the State, as they face various challenges linked to the promotion of development (Miranda 2022). Chávez (2020) indicates that, due to their infrastructure and resources, the Armed Forces operate in areas of difficult access, where state presence is limited.

The concept of sustainable development is based on the balanced integration of the economic, social and environmental spheres (Artaraz 2002; Alonso et al. 2024), which is essential for the progress of societies, as Envera (2019) argues. Llamas et al. (2010) state that this principle seeks to satisfy current needs without compromising those of future generations. Along these lines, Dourojeanni (2000) considers it essential to adopt policies aimed at the responsible use of natural resources and the preservation of the environment.

According to Article 171 of the Political Constitution of Peru, the Armed Forces not only perform national defense functions, but also actively participate in disaster management, with timely responses to crises that contribute to economic and social reactivation (Córdova 2022; Ramírez 2020; Sullca et al. 2015). In this logic, the Ministry of Defense (MINDEF) promotes the development of the military industry, generating employment and strengthening the national economy (Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional 2005).

Several factors, such as illegal mining and social conflicts, represent relevant threats to sustainable development (Antonio 2020; Alcalde 2022). The Armed Forces, under the leadership of the Joint Command, execute operations in support of the Peruvian National Police in areas declared in emergency, according to the framework established by Legislative Decree 1095 (De las Casas et al. 2019; Chiabra 2019).

The Voluntary Military Service (SMV) provides technical and professional training, which contributes to employment and economic growth (Alor and Espinoza 2023; Sanchez 2022). Professional military personnel constitute a fundamental part of the labor force, indirectly influencing economic development by guaranteeing the security and stability of the country (Libro Blanco de la Defensa Nacional 2005).

In the social sphere, the Armed Forces protect against threats such as terrorism and drug trafficking, especially in areas such as the VRAEM (Ríos 2022). Military operations in these areas are crucial to reduce the influence of criminal groups and maintain national security. In addition, they carry out multisectoral civic actions in remote communities, providing medical services and social support (Chuquimajo 2022).

Military Engineering Units and Itinerant Social Support Platforms (PIAS) contribute significantly to the construction of infrastructure and the provision of services in remote regions (Ramirez 2020; Donayre 2021; Avellaneda-Vasquez 2024). These actions demonstrate the commitment of the Armed Forces to the integral development of the country.

Regarding environmental development, the Armed Forces protect the environment and natural resources, in accordance with the provisions of Legislative Decree 1142 (El Peruano 2012). The General Directorate of Captaincy and Coast Guard (DICAPI) controls activities in maritime and fluvial spaces (Rugel 2020). In turn, units deployed in the Amazon play a relevant role in environmental conservation (Arce 2023).

Illegal activities, such as mining and logging, represent significant threats. The Armed Forces carry out operations to neutralize these practices and protect natural resources (Anto 2020; Ayala 2021). Their presence in border zones is also vital for the security and socioeconomic development of these areas (De las Casas et al. 2019; Piñeros et al. 2020).

Figure 2 below graphically synthesizes the triangulation of research instruments and the participation of the Armed Forces in Peru’s sustainable development.

Figure 2. Semantic network of research instrument triangulation

Note: Semantic network elaborated in ATLAS.ti software.

Source: Alonso 2024.

Conclusions

The Armed Forces play a fundamental role in Peru’s sustainable development, integrating the economic, social and environmental spheres. Their intervention in risk management and infrastructure support in remote areas makes an outstanding contribution to national stability and progress, standing out for their ability to operate in areas where the presence of other state entities is limited.

Beyond their defensive role, the Armed Forces drive economic development by generating employment in the military industry and combating illegal mining, as well as addressing social conflicts that hinder economic growth. These actions are essential to create a secure and stable environment, which is indispensable for sustainable economic development.

In the social sphere, the Armed Forces play an essential role in improving general welfare, through multisectoral civic operations, the provision of medical services, the construction of infrastructure and the carrying out of aeromedical evacuations in remote communities. These interventions make up for the limited state presence in such areas and significantly improve the quality of life of their inhabitants, in addition to strengthening citizen security.

Although environmental protection is not explicitly mentioned in Article 171 of the Political Constitution of Peru, the Armed Forces play a relevant role in environmental conservation and the protection of natural resources, as established in Legislative Decree No. 1142, Law of Bases for the Modernization of the Armed Forces. This legal framework recognizes the importance of their contribution to the preservation of the natural environment as an integral part of national sustainable development.

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